Limited evidence from one study raises concerns about the use of calcium supplements in children on habitually low calcium intakes as the previously supplemented group went through puberty earlier and had a final height several centimetres shorter than the controls. For example, the gut tissue, exposed to vitamin D, up-regulates expression of proteins increasing absorption of calcium, the mineral vi- tal for bone health. Eggs are packed with the amino acids and omega 3 fatty acids that are great to metabolize vitamin D in the body. However, postmenopausal women at increased risk for fractures or osteoporosis need more calcium and vitamin D. It is suggested that the major effect of calcium supplementation is on reducing the bone remodelling space rather than structurally increasing bone size or volumetric bone density. 1,200 mg calcium (diet + supplements) and 2040 mcg (1,000 2,000 IUs) of vitamin D There is evidence of risks (stroke and heart attack) of taking too much calcium through supplements. Calcium supplementation in children from developing countries slightly increases bone mass, but the benefit is usually lost on withdrawal of the supplement. However, severe deficiencies of either calcium or vitamin D can result in nutritional rickets, and low dietary calcium intakes in association with vitamin D insufficiency act synergistically to exacerbate the development of rickets. It appears that the body adapts very adequately to these low intakes through reducing renal calcium excretion and increasing fractional intestinal absorption. Calcium intakes of many children are a third to a half of the recommended intakes for children living in developed countries, yet the consequences of these low intakes are poorly understood as there is limited research in this area. Low dietary calcium intakes are typically observed as a consequence of a diet limited in dairy products and high in phytates and oxalates which reduce calcium bioavailability. So, too, is vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to be deposited into bones. A calcium-rich diet is important to maintain optimal bone health and prevent osteoporosis. When bones become weaker, sudden fractures can occur, even with minimal trauma. Despite many of the countries lying within the tropics and subtropics, overcrowding, atmospheric pollution, a lack of vitamin D-fortified foods, and social customs that limit skin exposure to sunlight are major factors in the development of vitamin D deficiency. ANSWER: Osteoporosis is a condition that causes the bones to thin and lose their strength. Low dietary calcium intakes and poor vitamin D status are common findings in children living in developing countries.
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